Solar panels, their types and features

Solar cells with increased efficiency are made on the basis of silicon crystals. Such items are most common due to their high performance.

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Types of solar panels

There are several types of solar panels. They are classified depending on the material of manufacture:

·         monocrystalline silicon;

·         multicrystalline silicon;

·         polycrystalline silicon;

·         cadmium telluide;

·         amorphous silicon.

The silicon crystal melt begins to solidify in contact with the seed. Cooling of the material leads to its solidification, as a result of which the single crystal takes the form of a cylinder having a diameter of 13-20 cm. The resulting ingot is cut into separate sheets, the thickness of which is 250-300 mm. The efficiency of these solar cells is 19%. They have an aluminum frame and glass protection. Photo elements are black and dark blue.

Multicrystalline silicon has a less complicated manufacturing technology than monocrystalline silicon. The composition of this material is represented by monocrystalline lattices, which are collected in random order. The efficiency of these inexpensive elements is 15%.

To replace batteries based on monocrystalline silicon, elements of their polycrystalline silicon are used, which has a reduced cost. Elements with aggregate crystals of different shapes have a bright blue color. Polycrystalline silicon solar panels perform the function of lighting and supplying electricity to residential buildings, offices, various institutions, parks, courtyards, highways. They are a power source for oil and gas pipelines, medical equipment, telecommunications, and allow you to charge mobile devices.

The development of modern technologies has made it possible to reduce the cost of batteries. Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight in a limited space. Thin film equipment is installed on the roofs of buildings. Their annual capacity reaches 10-15%. These panels function in conjunction with high voltage controllers and inverters.

Amorphous silicon does not allow the production of batteries with high efficiency, the value of which is equal to 6-8%. this type of solar cell generates cheaper electrical energy through the use of photovoltaic converters.

Cadmium telluride used to create solar panels does not allow the production of cells with high efficiency. This figure is 11%. These batteries provide power savings compared to silicon batteries.

Varieties of solar panels

Photovoltaic cells used to convert the sun's energy into electricity are thin-film and crystalline. The latter are divided into monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon solar cells. Among thin-film photocells, there are types of batteries used together with indium and copper diselenide, cadmium telluride, and amorphous silicon.

Production stages and technology

1.       Immersion of a seed crystal in a silicon-boron melt.

2.       Ascent to a height of several meters above the solution.

3.       Crystallization of the solution and its pulling out behind the seed crystal.

4.       Cutting an edge from a workpiece to obtain square-shaped elements.

The result is elements having a thickness of 0.3 mm. Then they undergo a phosphorus doping procedure, which adds n-conductivity to them and creates a p-n junction. After polishing and applying an antireflection coating, the photocell is ready.